Andrew Robertson

Getting Started

Sat, 17 Feb 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Quick Start from Template

Create a site

Configure your new site

Add your content

Publish your site

Your site will automatically publish ~1-5 minutes after you commit (save) changes to files in your GitHub repository.

Let’s customize your new site:

Project Structure Configuration Create content

Customizing Hugo

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

View the full docs at

Project Structure

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Folder Structure

There are 4 main folders for Hugo-based sites:

content/ for your Markdown-formatted content files (homepage, etc.)
- _index.md the homepage (Hugo requires that the homepage and archive pages have an underscore prefix)
assets/
- media/ for your media files (images, videos)
  - icons/custom/ upload any custom SVG icons you want to use
config/_default/ for your site configuration files
- hugo.yaml to configure Hugo (site title, URL, Hugo options, setup per-folder page features)
- module.yaml to install or uninstall Hugo themes and plugins
- params.yaml to configure Hugo Blox options (SEO, analytics, site features)
- menus.yaml to configure your menu links (if the menu is enabled in params.yaml)
- languages.yaml to configure your site’s language or to set language-specific options in a multilingual site
static/uploads/ for any files you want visitors to download, such as a PDF
go.mod sets the version of Hugo themes/plugins which your site uses

Hugo File Naming Convention

Hugo gives us two options to name standard page files: as TITLE/index.md or TITLE.md where TITLE is your page name.

The page name should be lowercase and using hyphens (-) instead of spaces.

Both approaches result in the same output, so you can choose your preferred approach to naming and organizing files. A benefit to the folder-based approach is that all your page’s files (such as images) are self-contained within the page’s folder, so it’s more portable if you wish to share the original Markdown page with someone.

The homepage is a special case as Hugo requires the homepage and listing pages to be named _index.md.

The docs navigation is automatically generated based on the content in the docs/ folder and is sorted alphabetically.

The order of pages can be changed by adding the weight parameter in the front matter of your Markdown files.

In the example below, the example.md page will appear before the test.md page as it has a lower weight:

Page example.md:

---
title: My Example
weight: 1
---

Page test.md:

---
title: My Test
weight: 2
---

Configuration

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

The configuration of your site can be found in config/_default/.

Full Documentation

See

Links are automatically generated from the structure of your content directory. Simply add a folder to nest a page.

Extra Links

Additional links can be added under the sidebar section of your config/_default/menus.yaml:

menu:
 sidebar:
 - name: "Need help?"
 params:
 type: separator
 weight: 1
 - name: "A page"
 pageRef: "/page-filename-here"
 weight: 2
 - name: "An external link ↗"
 url: "https://hugoblox.com"
 weight: 3

A table of contents is automatically generated from the headings your Markdown file.

It can optionally be disabled by setting toc: false in the front matter of a page:

---
title: My Page
toc: false
---

Roman Galaxy Redshift Survey

Wed, 26 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

I am a member of the ’s , where I lead the development of mock galaxy catalogues used as input for simulating grism observations. These catalogues are generated using the semi-analytic model, run on the simulations, and incorporate a new calibration described . You can hear me talk about this work .

Overview

The Roman Galaxy Redshift Survey (GRS) will measure precise redshifts for millions of galaxies over a large fraction of the sky. These measurements will enable detailed studies of large-scale structure, including (BAO) and (RSD), providing powerful constraints on the expansion history of the Universe and the growth of cosmic structure.

Roman achieves this using slitless spectroscopy with a : instead of targeting individual galaxies, every object in the field is dispersed into a spectrum. This makes the survey extremely efficient, but also introduces significant challenges for data analysis.

Why grism spectroscopy is powerful—and difficult

Simulated Roman data, with a direct image (top) and grism image (bottom). Image credit: IPAC/STScI/Goddard

Grism observations provide a unique combination of depth, area, and spectral information:

They obtain spectra for all objects simultaneously, avoiding target selection biases
They enable precise redshift measurements over large cosmological volumes
They combine deep imaging and spectroscopy of the same galaxies, enabling consistent measurements of both their shapes and their spectra

However, these advantages come with complications:

Spectra from nearby objects can overlap and contaminate one another
Light from each galaxy is spread out across the detector, so its position, shape, and orientation all affect how its spectrum appears
The ability to measure a redshift depends on factors such as galaxy size, orientation, emission-line strength, and proximity to other objects

As a result, interpreting grism data is not straightforward. To be confident in our conclusions, we test analysis pipelines on simulated datasets where the true answer is known. These simulations also allow us to explore how different survey strategies affect the quality of the final measurements.

Approach: realistic mock universes

My work focuses on building realistic mock datasets that connect theoretical models of galaxy formation to the data products that Roman will observe.

Galaxy catalogues
I generate large mock catalogues using Galacticus, calibrated to reproduce key observables such as the stellar-to-halo mass relation and emission-line luminosity functions.

Spectral modelling
These catalogues include emission-line predictions (e.g. Hα, [OIII]) and continuum spectra, enabling realistic modelling of the signals detected by the grism.

Mock observations
The catalogues are passed through grism simulation pipelines to produce synthetic images that include instrumental effects, noise, and spectral overlap.

Survey design and validation
These mocks are used to test survey strategies, optimise observing configurations, and validate analysis pipelines. They provide a controlled way to assess how well we can recover cosmological information from the data.

Why this matters

The statistical power of Roman will be unprecedented, but so is the complexity of the data. Extracting robust cosmological constraints requires understanding the full chain from galaxy formation to observed spectra.

Mock datasets play a central role in this process. They allow us to:

Quantify selection effects and biases
Test redshift recovery and catalogue construction
Validate clustering measurements and cosmological inference

A major focus of my work is ensuring that these tests are realistic enough that any conclusions drawn from Roman data are reliable.

Looking ahead

Roman will transform our ability to map the large-scale structure of the Universe.

By combining wide-area spectroscopy with high-resolution imaging, it will enable joint analyses of galaxy clustering, weak lensing, and other probes. The challenge will be to ensure that our modelling and analysis methods keep pace with the quality of the data.

Strong Gravitational Lensing

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Overview

Strong gravitational lensing occurs when a massive object—such as a galaxy or cluster—bends light from a more distant source, producing multiple images, arcs, or even complete Einstein rings. Because gravity depends only on mass (not whether it is luminous or dark), lensing provides a direct way to map the distribution of dark matter.

It is also one of the most sensitive probes of small-scale structure: even low-mass subhaloes can leave detectable imprints in the detailed morphology of lensed images.

My work focuses on using strong lensing as a test of dark matter physics, while ensuring that the inferences drawn are robust to modelling assumptions and observational limitations.

Galaxy-scale strong lensing

Galaxy-scale lenses provide one of the cleanest ways to detect dark matter substructure. In these systems, small perturbations to lensed arcs or Einstein rings can reveal the presence of otherwise invisible subhaloes.

A handful of low-mass substurctures have now been detected using both optical imaging and VLBI (radio) observations. These measurements are often interpreted as constraints on the abundance and internal structure of dark matter subhaloes, and therefore on the nature of dark matter itself.

However, the interpretation is not always straightforward. A key focus of my work is testing how robust these inferences are using realistic mock datasets. By generating synthetic observations and analysing them with the same tools used on real data, we can assess when apparent detections genuinely require new dark matter physics.

Example: SDSS J0946+1006

The lens system SDSS J0946+1006 has been widely discussed as evidence for a very dense dark matter subhalo.

In , we showed that the data can also be explained if the perturber hosts a faint galaxy. When this is included in the modelling, there is no need to invoke an unusually compact dark matter structure.

This system illustrates how sensitive lensing inferences can be to seemingly small modelling choices, and why careful validation is essential.

Cluster-scale strong lensing

Strong lensing galaxy cluster Abell 370. Image credit: NASA, ESA, and J. Lotz and the HFF Team (STScI)

On larger scales, galaxy clusters produce complex networks of arcs and multiple images, allowing detailed reconstruction of their mass distributions.

Several studies have suggested potential discrepancies between observed cluster substructure and predictions from CDM simulations. These include claims of an excess of massive subhaloes or differences in their spatial distribution.

While these results are intriguing, their interpretation remains uncertain. In particular, comparisons between simulations and observations can be affected by selection effects, projection, and modelling assumptions. In , I argued that some reported tensions may be less significant than initially claimed.

Even so, cluster-scale lensing remains a promising avenue for testing dark matter models, particularly as both simulations and observational datasets improve.

Merging clusters

Merging clusters provide a complementary test of dark matter physics.

In these systems, the different components—stars (galaxies), gas, and dark matter—can become spatially separated during the merger. By comparing their relative distributions, it is possible to constrain properties such as the self-interaction cross-section of dark matter.

The Bullet Cluster is the most famous example, and has provided some of the strongest constraints on self-interacting dark matter.

I am currently involved in efforts to interpret new observations of merging clusters, including a recently-completed JWST programmes and a recently-accepted JWST proposal to . This work combines simulations and lensing analyses to understand how reliably we can extract constraints on dark matter physics from these systems.

Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM)

Wed, 18 Mar 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Overview

Dark matter makes up most of the matter in the Universe, but its fundamental nature remains unknown. The standard model—cold dark matter (CDM)—successfully explains structure on large scales. In simulations that include only dark matter, it predicts that haloes develop steep, centrally concentrated cusps.

Early observations of dwarf and low-surface-brightness galaxies instead appeared to favour constant-density cores, in tension with these predictions. This “ ” was one of the original motivations for considering alternatives such as self-interacting dark matter (SIDM), in which dark matter particles scatter off one another and naturally redistribute energy to produce lower-density centres.

Subsequent work complicated this picture. On the theoretical side, it became clear that baryonic processes—particularly energy injection from supernovae—can also transform cusps into cores within CDM. On the observational side, the situation evolved from a simple “cores vs cusps” dichotomy to a broader diversity of inner density profiles across galaxies, even at fixed mass.

At the same time, constraints from systems such as the showed that large, velocity-independent self-interaction cross-sections are ruled out. While modest cross-sections remain viable—and can produce cores in dwarf galaxies—much larger cross-sections lead to more dramatic evolution. In this regime, heat conduction can drive a process known as core collapse, producing dense central regions. This naturally generates a wide diversity of inner density profiles, but the cross-sections required are incompatible with constraints from galaxy clusters.

This has led to increasing interest in velocity-dependent SIDM models, which are well motivated in particle physics. In these models, interactions are strong in low-velocity systems (like dwarf galaxies), but suppressed in high-velocity environments (like galaxy clusters), allowing them to evade existing constraints while retaining observable signatures.

For a broader overview of these ideas, see this , or this , which provides an excellent introduction.

Simulating an SIDM Universe

During my PhD, I developed and implemented methods to include dark matter self-interactions in large-scale simulations, and ran some of the first cosmological hydrodynamical simulations with SIDM—variants of the and simulation programmes. These allowed us to study how self-interactions affect galaxies and clusters in realistic environments, where dark matter, gas, and stars all evolve together. While these simulations were not released as a public dataset, I am very happy to share them—please get in touch if they would be useful.

A key focus of this work has been connecting simulations to observable quantities. For example, I have generated mock observations to study , where projection effects and measurement noise make it difficult to robustly distinguish between dark matter models.

Although I no longer run large SIDM simulations myself, I remain closely involved in this area. In particular, I have helped supervise new simulation efforts as part of the collaboration, using the publicly released . This code addresses many of the numerical challenges involved in modelling processes such as core collapse, which are central to the SIDM models of most current interest.

I am also supervising the development of a suite of simulations of merging galaxy clusters—selected from large cosmological simulations—which will be used to extract constraints on the nature of dark matter from recent .

Strong lensing tests of the nature of dark matter

The cleanest tests of dark matter physics come from systems that are dominated by dark matter itself. The challenge is that such systems are, by definition, difficult to observe directly. However, we can detect them through their gravitational effects. Two of the main approaches currently being explored are stellar streams and strong gravitational lensing (see my for more details).

Strong lensing is particularly powerful because it can probe small-scale structure directly, through the perturbations caused by dark matter subhaloes. There have been a number of intriguing results on galaxy scales—from both optical imaging and ( ) from radio interferometry—as well as hints of unusual behaviour in cluster-scale systems.

At the same time, these measurements are highly sensitive to modelling assumptions. A useful example is , which has been interpreted as hosting an unusually dense dark matter subhalo. In , we showed that the data can also be explained if the perturber hosts a faint galaxy, without requiring extreme dark matter properties. This highlights how easily astrophysical effects can masquerade as new physics.

A key goal going forward is to test these analyses using realistic mock data generated from both CDM and SIDM simulations, and to understand how robust the inferred constraints really are.

Shining a Light on Dark Matter

Mon, 30 Mar 2026 12:20:00 +0000

Accelerated calibration of semi-analytic galaxy formation models

Tue, 13 Jan 2026 12:20:00 +0000

Accelerated calibration of semi-analytic galaxy formation models

Thu, 01 Jan 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Understanding how galaxies form is one of the major challenges in astrophysics. Researchers often use “semi-analytic models” — simplified but physically motivated simulations — to explore how processes such as gas cooling, star formation, and feedback from stars and black holes shape galaxy populations.

These models contain many uncertain parameters that must be calibrated so that the simulated galaxies resemble real ones observed in the Universe. Unfortunately, traditional calibration methods require running very large simulations, which can be computationally expensive and slow.

In this work we introduce a faster way to calibrate these models. Instead of matching the full distribution of galaxy stellar masses directly, we use the relationship between the stellar mass of a galaxy and the mass of the dark matter halo that hosts it. This allows us to evaluate each model using only a small number of simulated galaxies rather than thousands.

Using this approach with the galaxy formation model, we show that it can reproduce key observational measurements while allowing rapid exploration of model assumptions. This makes it much easier to test different physical prescriptions and identify promising models for more detailed simulations.

Not So Dark, Not So Dense: An Alternative Explanation for the Lensing Subhalo in SDSS J0946+1006

Wed, 01 Oct 2025 00:00:00 +0000

New development: This system will be observed with JWST in Cycle 5 ( ). The multi-wavelength imaging will help disentangle emission from the lensed source and any putative satellite galaxy, providing a decisive test of the interpretation presented here.

Strong gravitational lensing provides one of the most powerful ways to detect small clumps of dark matter in distant galaxies. By studying how these substructures perturb the shapes of lensed images, astronomers can measure the mass and density of otherwise invisible objects.

Previous analyses of the lens system SDSS J0946+1006 suggested the presence of a dark matter subhalo with an unusually high central density. Such an object would be difficult to reconcile with predictions from the standard cold dark matter model and attracted significant attention.

In this work we revisit the system and explore a different possibility: that the perturber may host a faint satellite galaxy. Once this possibility is included in the lens modelling, the data can be explained without requiring an extreme dark matter density.

While this provides a compelling alternative interpretation, it is currently difficult to determine conclusively whether the perturber contains a faint galaxy or is truly dark. Future observations at multiple wavelengths could help resolve this question: colour differences between the lensed background source and any satellite galaxy would allow the two components to be more cleanly separated, providing a stronger test of the model.

🎉 Easily create your own simple yet highly customizable blog

Fri, 27 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Welcome 👋

Table of Contents

Overview

The Hugo Blox website builder for Hugo, along with its starter templates, is designed for professional creators, educators, and teams/organizations - although it can be used to create any kind of site
The template can be modified and customised to suit your needs. It’s a good platform for anyone looking to take control of their data and online identity whilst having the convenience to start off with a no-code solution (write in Markdown and customize with YAML parameters) and having flexibility to later add even deeper personalization with HTML and CSS
You can work with all your favourite tools and apps with hundreds of plugins and integrations to speed up your workflows, interact with your readers, and much more

Get Started

Quick Start Guide

New to Hugo Blox? Follow these steps to get your site up and running in minutes!

👉
📚
💬 or
🐦 Twitter: #MadeWithHugoBlox
💡
⬆️ Updating Hugo Blox? View the and

Important

Remember to backup your site before making major updates!

Crowd-funded open-source software

To help us develop this template and software sustainably under the MIT license, we ask all individuals and businesses that use it to help support its ongoing maintenance and development via sponsorship.

As a token of appreciation for sponsoring, you can unlock awesome rewards and extra features 🦄✨

Ecosystem

: Automatically import publications from BibTeX

Inspiration

are building with this template.

Features

Enhanced Markdown Support

Hugo Blox now supports GitHub and Obsidian-style callouts! Use standard Markdown alert syntax like > [!NOTE] for better portability.

Page builder - Create anything with no-code and
Edit any type of content - Blog posts, publications, talks, slides, projects, and more!
Create content in , , or
Plugin System - Fully customizable
Display Code and Math - Code syntax highlighting and LaTeX math supported
Integrations - , , Maps, Contact Forms, and more!
Beautiful Site - Simple and refreshing one-page design
Industry-Leading SEO - Help get your website found on search engines and social media
Media Galleries - Display your images and videos with captions in a customizable gallery
Mobile Friendly - Look amazing on every screen with a mobile friendly version of your site
Multi-language - 35+ language packs including English, 中文, and Português
Multi-user - Each author gets their own profile page
Privacy Pack - Assists with GDPR
Stand Out - Bring your site to life with animation, parallax backgrounds, and scroll effects
One-Click Deployment - No servers. No databases. Only files.

Version Requirements

The new Markdown alert syntax requires Hugo v0.132.0 or later. Make sure you’re using a compatible version!

Themes

Hugo Blox and its templates come with automatic day (light) and night (dark) mode built-in. Visitors can choose their preferred mode by clicking the sun/moon icon in the header.

for your site. Themes are fully customizable.

License

Released under the license.

🧠 Sharpen your thinking with a second brain

Thu, 26 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Create a personal knowledge base and share your knowledge with your peers.

Hugo Blox web framework empowers you with one of the most flexible note-taking capabilities out there.

Create a powerful knowledge base that works on top of a local folder of plain text Markdown files.

Use it as your second brain, either publicly sharing your knowledge with your peers via your website, or via a private GitHub repository and password-protected site just for yourself.

Mindmaps

Hugo Blox supports a Markdown extension for mindmaps.

With this open format, can even edit your mindmaps in other popular tools such as Obsidian.

Simply insert a Markdown code block labelled as markmap and optionally set the height of the mindmap as shown in the example below.

Mindmaps can be created by simply writing the items as a Markdown list within the markmap code block, indenting each item to create as many sub-levels as you need:


```markmap {height="200px"}
- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal
```

renders as

- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal

Anh here’s a more advanced mindmap with formatting, code blocks, and math:


```markmap
- Mindmaps
- Links
- [Hugo Blox Docs](https://docs.hugoblox.com/)
- [Discord Community](https://discord.gg/z8wNYzb)
- [GitHub](https://github.com/HugoBlox/hugo-blox-builder)
- Features
- Markdown formatting
- **inline** ~~text~~ *styles*
- multiline
text
- `inline code`
- Math: $x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}$
```

renders as

- Mindmaps
- Links
- [Hugo Blox Docs](https://docs.hugoblox.com/)
- [Discord Community](https://discord.gg/z8wNYzb)
- [GitHub](https://github.com/HugoBlox/hugo-blox-builder)
- Features
- Markdown formatting
- **inline** ~~text~~ *styles*
- multiline
text
- `inline code`
- Math: $x = {-b \pm \sqrt{b^2-4ac} \over 2a}$

Highlighting

Highlight important text with mark:

<mark>Highlighted text</mark>

Callouts

Use (aka asides, hints, or alerts) to draw attention to notes, tips, and warnings.

Use the > [!NOTE] syntax to create a callout.

> [!NOTE]
> A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.

renders as

Note

A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.

Or use the warning callout type so your readers don’t miss critical details:

Warning

A Markdown aside is useful for displaying notices, hints, or definitions to your readers.

📈 Communicate your results effectively with the best data visualizations

Wed, 25 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo Blox is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and Hugo Blox handles the rest.

Use popular tools such as Plotly, Mermaid, and data frames.

Embed Rich Content

HuggingFace Model

google/embeddinggemma-300m

sentence-similarity

1.088384M

1.576k

HuggingFace Dataset

fka/prompts.chat

dataset

a.k.a. Awesome ChatGPT Prompts This is a Dataset Repository mirror of prompts.chat — a social platform for AI prompts. 📢 Notice This Hugging Face dataset is a mirror. For the …

32.551k

9.635k

GitHub Repository

kit

by HugoBlox • HTML

⚡ The Open Research Copilot. Build high-perf Portfolios, Lab Sites & Docs in Markdown + Jupyter. 100% Data Control. 🦫 数据科学家的开源 Copilot。一键部署 👇

2.939k

9.803k

academic blog blog-engine +17

Custom embed with manual data

My Custom Resource

example.com

A great resource for learning

Custom Images

Embed beautiful images from any source with Hugo image processing (Unsplash, custom URLs, etc.):

Data Visualization Guide

example.com

Beautiful data visualization workspace

You can also add images to any platform embed:

plotly.py

by plotly • Python

The interactive graphing library for Python ✨

2.793k

777

18.42k

d3 dashboard declarative +11

Charts

Hugo Blox supports the popular format for interactive data visualizations. With Plotly, you can design almost any kind of visualization you can imagine!

Save your Plotly JSON in your page folder, for example line-chart.json, and then add the {{< chart data="line-chart" >}} shortcode where you would like the chart to appear.

Demo:

You might also find the useful.

Diagrams

Hugo Blox supports the Mermaid Markdown extension for diagrams.

An example flowchart:

```mermaid
graph TD
A[Hard] -->|Text| B(Round)
B --> C{Decision}
C -->|One| D[Result 1]
C -->|Two| E[Result 2]
```

renders as

graph TD A[Hard] -->|Text| B(Round) B --> C{Decision} C -->|One| D[Result 1] C -->|Two| E[Result 2]

An example sequence diagram:

```mermaid
sequenceDiagram
Alice->>John: Hello John, how are you?
loop Healthcheck
John->>John: Fight against hypochondria
end
Note right of John: Rational thoughts!
John-->>Alice: Great!
John->>Bob: How about you?
Bob-->>John: Jolly good!
```

renders as

sequenceDiagram Alice->>John: Hello John, how are you? loop Healthcheck John->>John: Fight against hypochondria end Note right of John: Rational thoughts! John-->>Alice: Great! John->>Bob: How about you? Bob-->>John: Jolly good!

An example class diagram:

```mermaid
classDiagram
Class01 <|-- AveryLongClass : Cool
Class03 *-- Class04
Class05 o-- Class06
Class07 .. Class08
Class09 --> C2 : Where am i?
Class09 --* C3
Class09 --|> Class07
Class07 : equals()
Class07 : Object[] elementData
Class01 : size()
Class01 : int chimp
Class01 : int gorilla
Class08 <--> C2: Cool label
```

renders as

classDiagram Class01 <|-- AveryLongClass : Cool Class03 *-- Class04 Class05 o-- Class06 Class07 .. Class08 Class09 --> C2 : Where am i? Class09 --* C3 Class09 --|> Class07 Class07 : equals() Class07 : Object[] elementData Class01 : size() Class01 : int chimp Class01 : int gorilla Class08 <--> C2: Cool label

An example state diagram:

```mermaid
stateDiagram
[*] --> Still
Still --> [*]
Still --> Moving
Moving --> Still
Moving --> Crash
Crash --> [*]
```

renders as

stateDiagram [*] --> Still Still --> [*] Still --> Moving Moving --> Still Moving --> Crash Crash --> [*]

Data Frames

Save your spreadsheet as a CSV file in your page’s folder and then render it by adding the Table shortcode to your page:

{{< table path="results.csv" header="true" caption="Table 1: My results" >}}

renders as

Table 1: My results
customer_id	score
1	0
2	0.5
3	1

Interactive Buttons

Add engaging call-to-action buttons to your data visualization posts:

Basic Buttons

Learn Plotly

{{< button url="/" >}}Contact Us{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://plotly.com/python/" new_tab="true" style="secondary" >}}Learn Plotly{{< /button >}}

Styled Buttons for Data Actions

View Dashboard

Download Data

View Source Code

{{< button url="#" style="primary" size="lg" align="center" icon="chart-bar" >}}View Dashboard{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="/data/results.csv" style="outline" icon="document-arrow-down" >}}Download Data{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://github.com/HugoBlox" new_tab="true" style="ghost" icon="arrow-top-right-on-square" icon_position="right" >}}View Source Code{{< /button >}}

Multiple Aligned Buttons

Try Jupyter

Open in Colab

{{< button url="https://jupyter.org/" new_tab="true" style="secondary" rounded="full" align="center" >}}Try Jupyter{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://colab.research.google.com/" new_tab="true" style="primary" rounded="full" align="center" icon="rocket-launch" >}}Open in Colab{{< /button >}}

👩🏼‍🏫 Teach academic courses

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and the Hugo Blox Builder which this template is built upon handles the rest.

Embed videos, podcasts, code, LaTeX math, and even test students!

On this page, you’ll find some examples of the types of technical content that can be rendered with Hugo Blox.

Citation

Here’s an example of citing a publication using the cite shortcode:

You can also use the default view by omitting the view parameter:

Video

Teach your course by sharing videos with your students. Choose from one of the following approaches:

Youtube:

{{< youtube D2vj0WcvH5c >}}

Bilibili:

{{< bilibili BV1WV4y1r7DF >}}

Video file

Videos may be added to a page by either placing them in your assets/media/ media library or in your , and then embedding them with the video shortcode:

{{< video src="my_video.mp4" controls="yes" >}}

Podcast

You can add a podcast or music to a page by placing the MP3 file in the page’s folder or the media library folder and then embedding the audio on your page with the audio shortcode:

{{< audio src="ambient-piano.mp3" >}}

Try it out:

Test students

Provide a simple yet fun self-assessment by revealing the solutions to challenges with the spoiler shortcode:

{{< spoiler text="👉 Click to view the solution" >}}
You found me!
{{< /spoiler >}}

renders as

👉 Click to view the solution

You found me 🎉

Math

Hugo Blox Builder supports a Markdown extension for $\LaTeX$ math. Enable math by setting the math: true option in your page’s front matter, or enable math for your entire site by toggling math in your config/_default/params.yaml file:

features:
 math:
 enable: true

To render inline or block math, wrap your LaTeX math with $...$ or $$...$$, respectively.

Example math block:

$$
\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}
$$

renders as

$$\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}$$

Example inline math $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$ renders as $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$.

Example multi-line math using the math linebreak (\\):

$$f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\
1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases}$$

renders as

$$ f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\ 1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases} $$

Code

Hugo Blox Builder utilises Hugo’s Markdown extension for highlighting code syntax. The code theme can be selected in the config/_default/params.yaml file.

```python
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()
```

renders as

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()

Inline Images

{{< icon name="python" >}} Python

renders as

Python

Embed Media

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

is designed to give technical content creators a seamless experience. You can focus on the content and the Hugo Blox Builder which this template is built upon handles the rest.

Embed videos, podcasts, code, LaTeX math, and even test students!

On this page, you’ll find some examples of the types of technical content that can be rendered with Hugo Blox.

Video

Teach your course by sharing videos with your students. Choose from one of the following approaches:

Youtube:

{{< youtube w7Ft2ymGmfc >}}

Bilibili:

{{< bilibili id="BV1WV4y1r7DF" >}}

Video file

Videos may be added to a page by either placing them in your assets/media/ media library or in your , and then embedding them with the video shortcode:

{{< video src="my_video.mp4" controls="yes" >}}

Podcast

You can add a podcast or music to a page by placing the MP3 file in the page’s folder or the media library folder and then embedding the audio on your page with the audio shortcode:

{{< audio src="ambient-piano.mp3" >}}

Try it out:

Test students

Provide a simple yet fun self-assessment by revealing the solutions to challenges with the spoiler shortcode:

{{< spoiler text="👉 Click to view the solution" >}}
You found me!
{{< /spoiler >}}

renders as

👉 Click to view the solution

You found me 🎉

Math

Hugo Blox Builder supports a Markdown extension for $\LaTeX$ math. You can enable this feature by toggling the math option in your config/_default/params.yaml file.

To render inline or block math, wrap your LaTeX math with {{< math >}}$...${{< /math >}} or {{< math >}}$$...$${{< /math >}}, respectively.

Note

We wrap the LaTeX math in the Hugo Blox math shortcode to prevent Hugo rendering our math as Markdown. This callout now uses the standard Markdown alert syntax!

Example math block:

{{< math >}}
$$
\gamma_{n} = \frac{ \left | \left (\mathbf x_{n} - \mathbf x_{n-1} \right )^T \left [\nabla F (\mathbf x_{n}) - \nabla F (\mathbf x_{n-1}) \right ] \right |}{\left \|\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n}) - \nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n-1}) \right \|^2}
$$
{{< /math >}}

renders as

Example inline math {{< math >}}$\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})${{< /math >}} renders as $\nabla F(\mathbf{x}_{n})$ .

Example multi-line math using the math linebreak (\\):

{{< math >}}
$$f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\
1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases}$$
{{< /math >}}

renders as

$$ f(k;p_{0}^{*}) = \begin{cases}p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=1, \\ 1-p_{0}^{*} & \text{if }k=0.\end{cases} $$

Code

Hugo Blox Builder utilises Hugo’s Markdown extension for highlighting code syntax. The code theme can be selected in the config/_default/params.yaml file.

```python
import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()
```

renders as

import pandas as pd
data = pd.read_csv("data.csv")
data.head()

Inline Images

{{< icon name="python" >}} Python

renders as

Python

Experience

Tue, 24 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

✅ Manage your projects

Mon, 23 Oct 2023 00:00:00 +0000

Easily manage your projects - create ideation mind maps, Gantt charts, todo lists, and more!

Ideation

Hugo Blox supports a Markdown extension for mindmaps.

Simply insert a Markdown code block labelled as markmap and optionally set the height of the mindmap as shown in the example below.

Mindmaps can be created by simply writing the items as a Markdown list within the markmap code block, indenting each item to create as many sub-levels as you need:


```markmap {height="200px"}
- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal
```

renders as

- Hugo Modules
- Hugo Blox
- blox-plugins-netlify
- blox-plugins-netlify-cms
- blox-plugins-reveal

Diagrams

Hugo Blox supports the Mermaid Markdown extension for diagrams.

An example Gantt diagram:

```mermaid
gantt
section Section
Completed :done, des1, 2014-01-06,2014-01-08
Active :active, des2, 2014-01-07, 3d
Parallel 1 : des3, after des1, 1d
Parallel 2 : des4, after des1, 1d
Parallel 3 : des5, after des3, 1d
Parallel 4 : des6, after des4, 1d
```

renders as

gantt section Section Completed :done, des1, 2014-01-06,2014-01-08 Active :active, des2, 2014-01-07, 3d Parallel 1 : des3, after des1, 1d Parallel 2 : des4, after des1, 1d Parallel 3 : des5, after des3, 1d Parallel 4 : des6, after des4, 1d

Todo lists

You can even write your todo lists in Markdown too:

- [x] Write math example
 - [x] Write diagram example
- [ ] Do something else

renders as

Write math example
- Write diagram example
Do something else

Buttons

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A modern, customizable button shortcode with gradient styling, icons, and smart link handling.

Basic Usage

Visit External Site

The above buttons are created with:

{{< button url="/contact" >}}Contact Us{{< /button >}}

{{< button url="https://example.com" new_tab="true" style="secondary" >}}Visit External Site{{< /button >}}

Style Variants

Primary (Default)

Primary Button

{{< button url="#" style="primary" >}}Primary Button{{< /button >}}

Secondary

Secondary Button

{{< button url="#" style="secondary" >}}Secondary Button{{< /button >}}

Outline

Outline Button

{{< button url="#" style="outline" >}}Outline Button{{< /button >}}

Ghost

Ghost Button

{{< button url="#" style="ghost" >}}Ghost Button{{< /button >}}

Sizes

Extra Large

{{< button url="#" size="sm" >}}Small Button{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" size="md" >}}Medium Button{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" size="lg" >}}Large Button{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" size="xl" >}}Extra Large{{< /button >}}

Alignment

Left (Default)

Left Aligned

Center

Center Aligned

Right

Right Aligned

{{< button url="#" align="left" >}}Left Aligned{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" align="center" >}}Center Aligned{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" align="right" >}}Right Aligned{{< /button >}}

With Icons

Icon Before Text

Download

Icon After Text

Continue

{{< button url="#" icon="arrow-down-tray" >}}Download{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" icon="arrow-right" icon_position="right" >}}Continue{{< /button >}}

Rounded Corners

Small Radius

Medium Radius (Default)

Medium Radius

Large Radius

Pill Shape

Pill Button

{{< button url="#" rounded="sm" >}}Small Radius{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" rounded="md" >}}Medium Radius{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" rounded="lg" >}}Large Radius{{< /button >}}
{{< button url="#" rounded="full" >}}Pill Button{{< /button >}}

Advanced Examples

Call-to-Action Button

Get Started Today

{{< button url="/signup" style="primary" size="lg" align="center" icon="rocket-launch" >}}Get Started Today{{< /button >}}

External Link with New Tab

View on GitHub

{{< button url="https://github.com/hugo-blox/hugo-blox-builder" new_tab="true" style="outline" icon="arrow-top-right-on-square" icon_position="right" >}}View on GitHub{{< /button >}}

Download Button

Download PDF

{{< button url="/files/document.pdf" style="secondary" icon="document-arrow-down" rounded="full" >}}Download PDF{{< /button >}}

Parameters

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`url`	string	`#`	Required. Button destination URL (internal or external)
`text`	string	Inner content	Button text (overrides shortcode content)
`new_tab`	boolean	`false`	Whether to open link in new tab
`style`	string	`primary`	Button style: `primary`, `secondary`, `outline`, `ghost`
`size`	string	`md`	Button size: `sm`, `md`, `lg`, `xl`
`align`	string	`left`	Button alignment: `left`, `center`, `right`
`icon`	string	-	Icon name from
`icon_position`	string	`left`	Icon position: `left`, `right`
`rounded`	string	`md`	Border radius: `sm`, `md`, `lg`, `xl`, `full`
`disabled`	boolean	`false`	Whether button should be disabled

Security Features

The button shortcode automatically handles security for external links:

External links get rel="noreferrer" attribute
External links opening in new tab get rel="noopener noreferrer"
Internal links opening in new tab get rel="noopener"

This ensures safe navigation while maintaining functionality.

Accessibility

The button shortcode includes built-in accessibility features:

Proper role="button" attribute
aria-label support
Keyboard focus indicators
High contrast focus rings
Disabled state handling

Callouts

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo Blox supports GitHub and Obsidian-style Markdown callouts for maximum compatibility and content portability.

Callouts are a useful feature to draw attention to important or related content such as notes, hints, or warnings in your articles.

Usage

Basic Callout Types

Hugo Blox supports all 15+ callout types from :

Information & Notes:

> [!NOTE]
> This is a note callout with important information that users should know.

Note

This is a note callout with important information that users should know.

> [!INFO]
> Alternative info callout - same styling as NOTE.

Info

Alternative info callout - same styling as NOTE.

> [!ABSTRACT]
> Use for abstracts, summaries, or TL;DR sections.

Abstract

Use for abstracts, summaries, or TL;DR sections.

Actions & Tasks:

> [!TODO]
> This is something that needs to be done.

Todo

This is something that needs to be done.

> [!TIP]
> Here's a helpful tip to make your workflow more efficient!

Tip

Here’s a helpful tip to make your workflow more efficient!

> [!SUCCESS]
> Great job! This operation completed successfully.

Success

Great job! This operation completed successfully.

Questions & Interactive:

> [!QUESTION]
> What do you think about this approach? Let us know!

Question

What do you think about this approach? Let us know!

> [!EXAMPLE]
> Here's a practical example of how to implement this feature.

Example

Here’s a practical example of how to implement this feature.

> [!QUOTE]
> "The best way to predict the future is to invent it." - Alan Kay

Quote

“The best way to predict the future is to invent it.” - Alan Kay

Warnings & Errors:

> [!WARNING]
> Be careful! This action might have unexpected consequences.

Warning

Be careful! This action might have unexpected consequences.

> [!CAUTION]
> Danger! This operation is irreversible and could cause data loss.

Caution

Danger! This operation is irreversible and could cause data loss.

> [!IMPORTANT]
> This is critical information that users must understand to proceed.

Important

This is critical information that users must understand to proceed.

> [!DANGER]
> This is extremely dangerous - proceed with extreme caution!

Danger

This is extremely dangerous - proceed with extreme caution!

> [!FAILURE]
> This operation failed. Check your configuration and try again.

Failure

This operation failed. Check your configuration and try again.

> [!BUG]
> Known issue: This feature doesn't work properly in Safari < 14.

Bug

Known issue: This feature doesn’t work properly in Safari < 14.

Custom Titles

You can customize the title of any callout:

> [!WARNING]+ Custom Warning Title
> This warning has a custom title instead of just "Warning".

Custom Warning Title

This warning has a custom title instead of just “Warning”.

Legacy Syntax (Deprecated)

The old shortcode syntax still works but shows a deprecation warning:

{{< callout note >}}
This still works but is deprecated. Use the Markdown syntax above!
{{< /callout >}}

CSS Customization

Hugo Blox generates callouts with semantic CSS classes and data attributes, making customization easy. Each callout has:

Base class: .callout
Type-specific data attribute: data-callout="note"
Component classes: .callout-icon, .callout-title, .callout-content, .callout-body

Custom CSS Example (add to your assets/css/custom.css):

/* Customize NOTE callouts */
.callout[data-callout="note"] {
 border-left-width: 8px;
 box-shadow: 0 4px 6px -1px rgb(0 0 0 / 0.1);
}

/* Make SUCCESS callouts pulse */
.callout[data-callout="success"] {
 animation: pulse 2s infinite;
}

/* Custom icon styling */
.callout-icon svg {
 transition: transform 0.2s;
}

.callout:hover .callout-icon svg {
 transform: scale(1.1);
}

/* Dark mode overrides */
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
 .callout[data-callout="warning"] {
 background-color: rgb(92 25 2);
 border-color: rgb(245 158 11);
 }
}

This approach matches , ensuring your styles work across platforms.

Benefits of the New Syntax

Portable: Works with GitHub, Obsidian, and other Markdown editors
Standard: Uses widely-adopted Markdown callout syntax
Clean: No Hugo-specific shortcodes needed
Future-proof: Supported by the latest Hugo versions (0.132.0+)
Customizable: Semantic CSS classes and data attributes for easy styling
Complete: All 15+ Obsidian callout types supported
Multilingual: Callout titles are automatically translated based on your site’s language (and can be customized in the language packs)

Cards

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Hugo extension to create cards. Cards can be shown as links or as plain text.

Usage

Learn Shortcodes A card without an icon or link

is rendered by:

{{< cards >}}
 {{< card url="../callout" title="Callout" icon="academic-cap" >}}
 {{< card url="" title="A card without an icon" >}}
{{< /cards >}}

Options

Parameter	Description
`icon`	Name of the icon. Defaults to
`title`	Title heading for the card.
`subtitle`	Subtitle heading (supports Markdown).
`url`	URL

Internationalization (i18n)

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Hugo Blox enables you to easily edit the interface text as well as translating your site into multiple languages using Hugo’s feature.

View the full docs at

Spoilers

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

A Hugo shortcode to toggle collapsible content.

Example

Click to view the spoiler

You found me!

Markdown is supported.

Usage

{{< spoiler text="Click to view the spoiler" >}}

This is the content of the details.

Markdown is **supported**.

{{< /spoiler >}}

Steps

Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000

Display a series of steps, such as for a tutorial.

Example

Step 1

The first step here…

Step 2

The second step here…

Step 3

The third step here…

Usage

Use the Markdown level-3 headings to represent step titles within the steps shortcode:

{{% steps %}}

### Step 1

The first step here...

### Step 2

The second step here...

### Step 3

The third step here...

{{% /steps %}}

Andrew Robertson

Getting Started

Quick Start from Template

Create a site

Configure your new site

Add your content

Publish your site

Next

Customizing Hugo

Project Structure

Folder Structure

Hugo File Naming Convention

Docs Navigation

Configuration

Full Documentation

Navigation

Menu

Left Sidebar

Extra Links

Right Sidebar

Roman Galaxy Redshift Survey

Overview

Why grism spectroscopy is powerful—and difficult

Approach: realistic mock universes

Why this matters

Looking ahead

Strong Gravitational Lensing

Overview

Galaxy-scale strong lensing

Example: SDSS J0946+1006

Cluster-scale strong lensing

Merging clusters

Self-Interacting Dark Matter (SIDM)

Overview

Simulating an SIDM Universe

Strong lensing tests of the nature of dark matter

Shining a Light on Dark Matter

Accelerated calibration of semi-analytic galaxy formation models

Accelerated calibration of semi-analytic galaxy formation models

Not So Dark, Not So Dense: An Alternative Explanation for the Lensing Subhalo in SDSS J0946+1006

🎉 Easily create your own simple yet highly customizable blog

Overview

Get Started

Crowd-funded open-source software

Ecosystem

Inspiration

Features

Themes

License

🧠 Sharpen your thinking with a second brain

Mindmaps

Highlighting

Callouts

Did you find this page helpful? Consider sharing it 🙌

📈 Communicate your results effectively with the best data visualizations

Embed Rich Content

google/embeddinggemma-300m

fka/prompts.chat

kit

My Custom Resource

Custom Images

Data Visualization Guide

plotly.py

Charts

Diagrams

Data Frames

Interactive Buttons

Basic Buttons

Styled Buttons for Data Actions

Multiple Aligned Buttons

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👩🏼‍🏫 Teach academic courses

Citation

Video

Podcast

Test students

Math

Code

Inline Images

Did you find this page helpful? Consider sharing it 🙌